- Describe and distinguish solids, liquids, gases - Kinetic molecular theory
- Temperature scales: centigrade (C) and Kelvin (K) - define and use. Why K?
- Density - define and use (mass<->volume)
- Distinguish atom, element, molecule, and compound
- Recognize common elemental symbols
- Distinguish:
- chemical vs. physical change
- homogeneous vs. heterogeneous mixtures
- precision vs. accuracy
- Use dimensional analysis to solve problems (esp. unit conversions)
This can be a real help in solving many problems in General Chemistry - learn it! - Correctly apply significant figures
- Understand and use "percent"
- Describe the structure of the atom: electrons, protons, and neutrons
- Atomic mass, atomic number, and the structure of the atom
- Relate them to one another (mathematically and conceptually)
- Determine them from an entry in the periodic table
- Understand isotopes
- Periodic Table
- Groupings in the periodic table - what and why?
- Use to predict atomic properties, simple compounds
- The mole
- Define
- Use to convert Mass->Moles and Moles->Mass
- Understand molecular formules and structural formulas
- Which elements exists as diatomic molecules? Why?
- Ionization - Why?
- Metals lose electrons
- (Some) nonmetals gain electrons
- Understand relationship between ionization and periodic table groups
- Relate group number to charge on a metal
- Relate group number to charge on atomic anions
- Ionic compounds
- Be able to write formulas for common ionic compounds
- Describe the properties of ionic compounds
- Understand and use molar mass
- Express molar composition in terms of percent composition
- Use percent composition to determine the empirical formula of a compound
- Hydrated compounds - use experimental data to calculate number of waters
- Understand a balanced chemical equation
- Be able to balance simple chemical equations
- Electrolytes - what are they
- Predict solubility of of ionic compounds in water
- Acids and bases
- Recognize common acids and bases
- Understand their behavior
- Ionic compounds
- Recognize/predict what ions form when dissolving ionic compounds in water
- Be able to write correct net ionic equations
- Chemistry in aqueous solutions
- Precipitation
- Predict the products of precipitation reactions - what is precipitated? what remains soluble?
- Acid-base neutralization
- Predict the products of reactions between common acids and bases
- Gas-forming reactions
- Predict the products - what is evolved? what remains in solution?
- Oxidation-reduction reactions
- Understand oxidation number
- Recognize oxidation-reduction reactions
- Precipitation
- Balanced chemical equations and mass balance
- Determine which of two reactants is the limiting reagent
- Yield of a reaction
- actual yield
- theoretical yield
- percent yield
- Use stoichiometry to find an empirical formula
(understand why this does not yield a molecular formula) - Understand and use molarity
- Know how to create new solutions of a given molarity from existing solutions
- Know how to create new solutions of a given molarity from existing solutions
- Understand how to do titrations
- Energy - Heat and thermal energy transfer
- Understand kinetic vs. potential energy
- Use specific heat. Know sign conventions for heat transfer
- Use heats of fusion/vaporization
- Understand and use thermodynamic concepts:
- system vs. surroundings
- exothermic vs. endothermic
- Energy conservation (1st Law)
-
![[delta]](../../bits/Delta12.gif)
E = q + w
-
- Enthalpy changes H
- Heat transferred at constant pressure
- Relationship between exothermic, endothermic, and H
- Understand energy conservation and Hess's law
- Understand the concept of state functions
- Manipulate standard molar enthalpies of formation to determine the enthalpy for a reaction
- Use calorimetry to measure energy transfered during a reaction
- Understand the concepts of wavelength and frequency, wave amplitude, and nodes
- Interconvert between wavelength and frequency, and understand why
- Relate the energy of a photon to its wavelength and frequency
- Understand the Bohr model of the H atom and why it was useful for a time
- Understand the wave nature of atomic level particles
- Relate the energy of an electron to its wavelength and frequency (and velocity)
- Understand that
- Atomic orbitals describe the (quantized) energy of electrons
- Atomic orbitals describe the probability of finding an electron in a region of space
- Understand how quantum numbers describe the allowed energy states of an electron in an atom
n orbital size, energy, number of subshells
l orbital shape, number of orbitals in subshell
ml orbital orientation
- Understand how the quantum number l relates to orbital shape
0 s 0 nodal planes spherical shape
1 p 1 nodal plane dumbbell shape; 2 regions of electron density
2 d 2 nodal planes 4 regions of electron density
3 f 3 nodal planes 8 regions of electron density
- Every single electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers: n, l, ml, ms
- Only two electrons in an atom may have a unique set of quantum numbers: n, l, ml (and those in a pair must have opposite spins, different values for ms) - Pauli exclusion
- Be able to write the electronic configuration for any atom in the periodic table (use the table as a guide...)
- Know how to fill electrons into orbitals in the building of an atom
- Predict trends in the periodic table. Understand why
- atomic size
- ionization energy (IE)
- electron affinity (EA)
- Understand and count valence electrons for an element
- Distinguish: covalent vs. ionic bonding
- Be able to draw Lewis dot structures for molecules (octet rule)
- Recognize exceptions (Lewis dot structures are overly simplistic)
- Understand the concept of resonance in bonding (resonance structures, hybrids)
- Predict trends in bond order, length, dissociation energy (and how they are related)
- Be able to do bond energy accounting
- Understand electronegativity
- Understand oxidation number and formal charge
- Use VSEPR to predict the shapes of molecules
- Predict polarity of a molecule
- Understand:
- valence bond theory
- molecular orbital theory
- Understand and use orbital hybridization in forming bonds
- Use molecular orbital theory to predict properties of diatomic molecules
- Distinguish: conductor, semiconductor, insulator
- Understand and name simple (saturated) alkanes: unbranched, branched, cyclic
- Understand (unsaturated) alkanes with multiple bonds: alkenes, alkynes; cis and trans stereoisomers
- Understand cyclic alkanes with multiple bonds: benzene, aromaticity
- Identify and name functional groups: alcohols, carbonyls, carboxylates, esters, amines, amides
- Identify fats and fatty acids - why are they interesting?
- Understand pressure and its measurement
- Understand how to use the numerous variations on the Ideal Gas Law (really, just understand it well).
- Understand and use Dalton's law of partial pressures
- Relate kinetic-molecular theory to the behavior of individual gas molecules
- Understand diffusion and effusion